License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license (CC BY 3.0)
When quoting this document, please refer to the following
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2021.32
URN: urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-135713
URL: http://dagstuhl.sunsite.rwth-aachen.de/volltexte/2021/13571/
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Rosenthal, Gregory

Bounds on the QAC^0 Complexity of Approximating Parity

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LIPIcs-ITCS-2021-32.pdf (0.5 MB)

Abstract

QAC circuits are quantum circuits with one-qubit gates and Toffoli gates of arbitrary arity. QAC^0 circuits are QAC circuits of constant depth, and are quantum analogues of AC^0 circuits. We prove the following:
- For all d ≥ 7 and ε > 0 there is a depth-d QAC circuit of size exp(poly(n^{1/d}) log(n/ε)) that approximates the n-qubit parity function to within error ε on worst-case quantum inputs. Previously it was unknown whether QAC circuits of sublogarithmic depth could approximate parity regardless of size.
- We introduce a class of "mostly classical" QAC circuits, including a major component of our circuit from the above upper bound, and prove a tight lower bound on the size of low-depth, mostly classical QAC circuits that approximate this component.
- Arbitrary depth-d QAC circuits require at least Ω(n/d) multi-qubit gates to achieve a 1/2 + exp(-o(n/d)) approximation of parity. When d = Θ(log n) this nearly matches an easy O(n) size upper bound for computing parity exactly.
- QAC circuits with at most two layers of multi-qubit gates cannot achieve a 1/2 + exp(-o(n)) approximation of parity, even non-cleanly. Previously it was known only that such circuits could not cleanly compute parity exactly for sufficiently large n.
The proofs use a new normal form for quantum circuits which may be of independent interest, and are based on reductions to the problem of constructing certain generalizations of the cat state which we name "nekomata" after an analogous cat yōkai.

BibTeX - Entry

@InProceedings{rosenthal:LIPIcs.ITCS.2021.32,
  author =	{Gregory Rosenthal},
  title =	{{Bounds on the QAC^0 Complexity of Approximating Parity}},
  booktitle =	{12th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2021)},
  pages =	{32:1--32:20},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-177-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{185},
  editor =	{James R. Lee},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl--Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/opus/volltexte/2021/13571},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-135713},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2021.32},
  annote =	{Keywords: quantum circuit complexity, QAC^0, fanout, parity, nekomata}
}

Keywords: quantum circuit complexity, QAC^0, fanout, parity, nekomata
Collection: 12th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2021)
Issue Date: 2021
Date of publication: 04.02.2021

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