License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license (CC BY 3.0)
When quoting this document, please refer to the following
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2021.13
URN: urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-135524
URL: http://dagstuhl.sunsite.rwth-aachen.de/volltexte/2021/13552/
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Kretschmer, William

The Quantum Supremacy Tsirelson Inequality

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Abstract

A leading proposal for verifying near-term quantum supremacy experiments on noisy random quantum circuits is linear cross-entropy benchmarking. For a quantum circuit C on n qubits and a sample z ∈ {0,1}ⁿ, the benchmark involves computing |⟨z|C|0ⁿ⟩|², i.e. the probability of measuring z from the output distribution of C on the all zeros input. Under a strong conjecture about the classical hardness of estimating output probabilities of quantum circuits, no polynomial-time classical algorithm given C can output a string z such that |⟨z|C|0ⁿ⟩|² is substantially larger than 1/(2ⁿ) (Aaronson and Gunn, 2019). On the other hand, for a random quantum circuit C, sampling z from the output distribution of C achieves |⟨z|C|0ⁿ⟩|² ≈ 2/(2ⁿ) on average (Arute et al., 2019).
In analogy with the Tsirelson inequality from quantum nonlocal correlations, we ask: can a polynomial-time quantum algorithm do substantially better than 2/(2ⁿ)? We study this question in the query (or black box) model, where the quantum algorithm is given oracle access to C. We show that, for any ε ≥ 1/poly(n), outputting a sample z such that |⟨z|C|0ⁿ⟩|² ≥ (2 + ε)/2ⁿ on average requires at least Ω((2^{n/4})/poly(n)) queries to C, but not more than O (2^{n/3}) queries to C, if C is either a Haar-random n-qubit unitary, or a canonical state preparation oracle for a Haar-random n-qubit state. We also show that when C samples from the Fourier distribution of a random Boolean function, the naive algorithm that samples from C is the optimal 1-query algorithm for maximizing |⟨z|C|0ⁿ⟩|² on average.

BibTeX - Entry

@InProceedings{kretschmer:LIPIcs.ITCS.2021.13,
  author =	{William Kretschmer},
  title =	{{The Quantum Supremacy Tsirelson Inequality}},
  booktitle =	{12th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2021)},
  pages =	{13:1--13:13},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-177-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{185},
  editor =	{James R. Lee},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl--Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/opus/volltexte/2021/13552},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-135524},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2021.13},
  annote =	{Keywords: quantum supremacy, quantum query complexity, random circuit sampling}
}

Keywords: quantum supremacy, quantum query complexity, random circuit sampling
Collection: 12th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2021)
Issue Date: 2021
Date of publication: 04.02.2021

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